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I Seul Bee

I Seul Bee

I Seul Bee is a mathematics teacher in Sejong Academy of Science and Arts. I Seul Bee is teaching middle and high school students, and undergraduate students. I Seul Bee has written several books on mathematics -- analysis, set theory, etc.

Linear Algebra

Cayley-Hamilton 정리와 μžκΈ°μ€€λ™ν˜•μ‚¬μƒμ˜ 삼각행렬 ν‘œν˜„

by I Seul Bee November 6, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

μ •μ‚¬κ°ν–‰λ ¬μ˜ νŠΉμ„±λ‹€ν•­μ‹μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ ν₯미둜운 등식을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μž. \(A\)κ°€ 이차μž₯사각행렬이고 \[A = \left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array}\right)\] 일 λ•Œ λ‹€μŒμ΄ μ„±λ¦½ν•œλ‹€. \[A^2 – (a+d)A + (ad-bc)I_2 = O.\] \(A\)의 νŠΉμ„±λ‹€ν•­μ‹μ„ \(p(t)\)라고 ν•˜κ³  \(t=A\)λ₯Ό λŒ€μž…ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μœ„ 식은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. \[p(A) = O.\] 이 등식이 μ„±λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μš°μ—°μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°, Cayley-Hamilton μ •λ¦¬μ˜ 결과이닀. 이 ν¬μŠ€νŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” νŠΉμ„±λ‹€ν•­μ‹μ˜ μ„±μ§ˆκ³Ό \(T\)-λΆˆλ³€ κ³΅κ°„μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ , …

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November 6, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

Protected: μ΄μ°¨ν˜•μ‹κ³Ό 이차곑선 (SASA Only)

by I Seul Bee October 31, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

There is no excerpt because this is a protected post.

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October 31, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

κ³ μœ³κ°’κ³Ό κ³ μœ λ²‘ν„°

by I Seul Bee October 29, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

이 ν¬μŠ€νŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” κ³ μœ³κ°’κ³Ό κ³ μœ λ²‘ν„°μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  νŠΉμ„±λ‹€ν•­μ‹μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ³ μœ³κ°’μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 에λ₯΄λ―ΈνŠΈ λ³€ν™˜κ³Ό μœ λ‹ˆνƒ€λ¦¬ λ³€ν™˜μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌ λΆ„ν•΄ 정리λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€. \[ \newcommand{\parallelsym}{\mathbin{\!/\mkern-5mu/\!}} \] κ³ μœ³κ°’κ³Ό κ³ μœ λ²‘ν„°μ˜ 뜻 \(V\)κ°€ 체 \(K\) μœ„μ—μ„œ μ •μ˜λœ 벑터곡간이고 \(T : V \rightarrow V\)κ°€ μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜μž. 그리고 슀칼라 \(\lambda \in K\)와 μ˜λ²‘ν„°κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 벑터 \(v\in V\)κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ—¬ \[T(v) = \lambda v\tag{1}\] 을 λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  ν•˜μž. μ΄λ•Œ \(\lambda\)λ₯Ό \(T\)의 κ³ μœ³κ°’(eigenvalue)이라고 …

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October 29, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

행렬식과 μ—­ν–‰λ ¬

by I Seul Bee October 21, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

κ³„μˆ˜μ™€ μƒμˆ˜κ°€ μ‹€μˆ˜μΈ 이차방정식이 μ‹€μˆ˜ λ²”μœ„μ—μ„œ λͺ‡ 개의 ν•΄λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” νŒλ³„μ‹μ˜ λΆ€ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄ λœλ‹€. 이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μ •μ‚¬κ°ν–‰λ ¬μ˜ 역행렬이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ” 곡식이 μžˆλŠ”λ°, 그것이 행렬식이닀. 행렬식은 νŠΉμ •ν•œ 쑰건을 λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ„ ν˜•λ²”ν•¨μˆ˜λ‘œ μ •μ˜λ  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°, κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ ν•¨μˆ˜λŠ” 크기가 μž‘μ€ ν–‰λ ¬μ˜ 행렬식을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 크기가 큰 ν–‰λ ¬μ˜ 행렬식을 κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 귀납적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ •μ˜λœλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 행렬식은 ν–‰λ ¬μ˜ 각 성뢄듀을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 직접 κ³„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ •μ˜λ  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€. 이 ν¬μŠ€νŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” ν–‰λ ¬μ‹μ˜ …

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October 21, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

내적곡간

by I Seul Bee October 18, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

벑터곡간은 물체의 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό κΈ°μˆ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 좔상적인 ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 곡간이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ²‘ν„°κ³΅κ°„μ—λŠ” λ²‘ν„°μ˜ ν•©κ³Ό 슀칼라 κ³±μ΄λΌλŠ” 두 개의 μ—°μ‚°λ§Œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 점 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κ±°λ¦¬λ‚˜ 두 벑터 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 각의 크기λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€. λŒ€μ‹  벑터곡간에 λ‚΄μ μ΄λΌλŠ” ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 거리와 각의 크기λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 이 ν¬μŠ€νŠΈμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‚΄μ μ˜ κ°œλ…κ³Ό μ„±μ§ˆμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ , μ΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° νŒŒμƒλ˜λŠ” κΈ°μ €μ˜ μ„±μ§ˆμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€. \[ \newcommand{\Hom}{{\operatorname{Hom}}} \newcommand{\Mat}{{\operatorname{Mat}}} \newcommand{\proj}{{\operatorname{proj}}} \] 싀내적곡간 \(V\)κ°€ 싀벑터곡간이라고 ν•˜μž. ν•¨μˆ˜ \[ …

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October 18, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

μŒλŒ€κ³΅κ°„μ˜ κΈ°μ €

by I Seul Bee October 15, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

\(V\)κ°€ 체 \(F\) μœ„μ—μ„œμ˜ 벑터곡간이라고 ν•˜μž. \(F\)λŠ” 자기 μžμ‹  μœ„μ—μ„œ μ •μ˜λœ \(1\)차원 벑터곡간이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ \(V\)λ‘œλΆ€ν„° \(F\)둜의 λͺ¨λ“  μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜λ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μž„을 \(V^*\)둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½ μž„μ˜μ˜ \(f,\,g \in V^*\)와 \(\lambda \in F\)에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ \(f+g\)와 \(\lambda f\)λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ“  \(x\in V\)에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ \[\begin{gather} (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), \\[6pt] (\lambda f)(x) = \lambda (f(x)) \end{gather}\] λ₯Ό λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€λŠ” ν•¨μˆ˜λ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ \(V^*\)λŠ” 벑터곡간이 λœλ‹€. μ΄λ•Œ \(V^*\)λ₯Ό \(V\)의 μŒλŒ€κ³΅κ°„(dual space)이라고 λΆ€λ₯Έλ‹€. …

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October 15, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜μ˜ ν‘œν˜„κ³Ό κΈ°μ €μ˜ λ³€ν™˜

by I Seul Bee October 15, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

체 \(K\) μœ„μ—μ„œ μ •μ˜λ˜μ–΄ 있고 차원이 \(n\)인 μœ ν•œμ°¨μ› 벑터곡간은 \(K^n\)와 λ™ν˜•μ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μœ ν•œμ°¨μ› 벑터곡간 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ μ •μ˜λœ μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜μ€ μ λ‹Ήν•œ \(n,\) \(m\)에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜ \(T : K^n \rightarrow K^m\)κ³Ό 같은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 생각할 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”μš±μ΄ \(T : K^n \rightarrow K^m\)은 ν–‰λ ¬λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ μœ ν•œμ°¨μ› 벑터곡간 사이에 μ •μ˜λœ μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜μ€ ν–‰λ ¬κ³Ό λ™μΌμ‹œν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 그런데 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν–‰λ ¬ ν‘œν˜„μ€ 벑터곡간에 μ–΄λ– ν•œ κΈ°μ €κ°€ μ£Όμ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€μ— 따라 달라진닀. \[ \newcommand{\Hom}{{\operatorname{Hom}}} \newcommand{\Mat}{{\operatorname{Mat}}} …

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October 15, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

유리수체 μœ„μ—μ„œ μ •μ˜λœ 벑터곡간 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜

by I Seul Bee October 14, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

\(V\)와 \(W\)κ°€ 체 \(F\) μœ„μ—μ„œμ˜ 벑터곡간이라 ν•˜μž. λ§Œμ•½ ν•¨μˆ˜ \(T : V \rightarrow W\)κ°€ 두 쑰건 μž„μ˜μ˜ \(v_1 ,\, v_2 \in V\)에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ \(T(v_1 + v_2 ) = T(v_1 ) + T(v_2 )\)이닀, μž„μ˜μ˜ \(k \in F\)와 \(v\in V\)에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ \(T(kv) = kT(v)\)이닀 λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ \(T\)λ₯Ό μ„ ν˜•λ³€ν™˜(linear transformation)이라고 λΆ€λ₯Έλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½ \(F = \mathbb{R}\)라면, \(T\)κ°€ (1)을 λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€λ”λΌλ„ (2)λ₯Ό λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 수 μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ \(F=\mathbb{Q}\)라면 …

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October 14, 2020 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

λ²‘ν„°μ˜ 직ꡐ뢄해λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ½”μ‹œ-μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ  뢀등식 증λͺ…

by I Seul Bee October 5, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

λ²‘ν„°μ˜ 직ꡐ뢄해λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ½”μ‹œ-μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ  뢀등식을 증λͺ…ν•΄ 보자. \(V\)κ°€ 벑터곡간이고 \(\mathbf{u},\,\mathbf{v}\in V\)라고 ν•˜μž. λ§Œμ•½ \(\mathbf{u}\)와 \(\mathbf{v}\) 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜ 이상이 \(\mathbf{0}\)이면 자λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ \[ \lvert \langle \mathbf{u} ,\, \mathbf{v} \rangle \rvert \le \lVert \mathbf{u} \rVert \lVert \mathbf{v} \rVert \tag{1}\] λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ \(\mathbf{u}\)와 \(\mathbf{v}\) 쀑 μ–΄λŠκ²ƒλ„ \(\mathbf{0}\)이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜μž. 그리고 \[\mathbf{w} = \mathbf{u} – \frac{\langle \mathbf{u} ,\, \mathbf{v} \rangle}{\lVert \mathbf{v} \rVert^2} \mathbf{v} \tag{2}\] 라고 ν•˜μž. 그러면 \(\mathbf{u}\)λŠ” …

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October 5, 2020 0 comments
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Calculus

λΌκ·Έλž‘μ£Ό μŠΉμˆ˜λ²•μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ½”μ‹œ-μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ  뢀등식 증λͺ…

by I Seul Bee October 4, 2020
written by I Seul Bee

\(n\)이 \(2\) 이상인 μžμ—°μˆ˜μ΄κ³  \(a_1 ,\) \(\cdots ,\) \(a_n ,\) \(b_1 ,\) \(\cdots,\) \(b_n\)이 λͺ¨λ‘ μ‹€μˆ˜μΌ λ•Œ λ‹€μŒμ΄ μ„±λ¦½ν•œλ‹€. \[\left( \sum_{i=1}^n a_i b_i \right)^2 \le \left( \sum_{i=1}^n a_i ^2\right) \left(\sum_{i=1}^n b_i ^2 \right).\tag{1}\] 이 뢀등식을 μ½”μ‹œ-μŠˆλ°”λ₯΄μΈ  뢀등식(Cauchy-Schwarz inequality)이라고 λΆ€λ₯Έλ‹€. λΌκ·Έλž‘μ£Ό μŠΉμˆ˜λ²•(method of Lagrange’s multiplier)을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 이 뢀등식을 증λͺ…ν•΄ 보자. 증λͺ…을 마칠 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ 첨수 \(i\)와 \(j\)λŠ” \(n\) μ΄ν•˜μ˜ μžμ—°μˆ˜λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•½μ†ν•œλ‹€. 증λͺ… 과정은 두 …

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October 4, 2020 0 comments
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