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Linear Algebra

Linear Algebra

๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

by I Seul Bee March 20, 2024
written by I Seul Bee

\[ \newcommand{\vecu}{\mathrm{\bf{u}}} \newcommand{\vecv}{\mathrm{\bf{v}}} \newcommand{\vecw}{\mathrm{\bf{w}}} \newcommand{\vecx}{\mathrm{\bf{x}}} \newcommand{\vecy}{\mathrm{\bf{y}}} \newcommand{\vecz}{\mathrm{\bf{z}}} \newcommand{\veczero}{\mathrm{\bf{0}}} \] ๋™ํ˜•์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ \(\mathbb{Z}_3\)์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ž. \[\mathbb{Z}_3 = \left\{ 0 ,\,\, 1,\,\,2 \right\}\] ์ด ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ง์…ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณฑ์…ˆ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž. ์ฆ‰ \(m\)๊ณผ \(n\)์ด \(\mathbb{Z}_3\)์˜ ์›์†Œ์ผ ๋•Œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ฉ \(m+n\)์„ \(m\)๊ณผ \(n\)์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ \(3\)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋กœ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณฑ \(mn\)์„ \(m\)๊ณผ \(n\)์˜ ๊ณฑ์„ \(3\)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ž. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณฑ์„ ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ …

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March 20, 2024 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ฃผ์˜ ๋ณด๊ฐ„ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹

by I Seul Bee March 19, 2024
written by I Seul Bee

๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ž. ์„ธ ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์ฐจํ•จ์ˆ˜ \(a_1 ,\) \(a_2 ,\) \(a_3\)์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ , \(b_1 ,\) \(b_2 ,\) \(b_3\)์ด ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ผ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ์  \((a_1 ,\, b_1 ),\) \((a_2 ,\, b_2 ),\) \((a_3 ,\, b_3 )\)์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์ฐจํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด์ฐจํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹์„ \(y = ax^2 + bx + c \)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์œ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ์ผ์ฐจ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์—์„œ …

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March 19, 2024 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

์„ ํ˜• ํ™•์žฅ ์ •๋ฆฌ

by I Seul Bee March 18, 2024
written by I Seul Bee

\[ \newcommand{\vecu}{\mathrm{\bf{u}}} \newcommand{\vecv}{\mathrm{\bf{v}}} \newcommand{\vecw}{\mathrm{\bf{w}}} \newcommand{\vecx}{\mathrm{\bf{x}}} \newcommand{\vecy}{\mathrm{\bf{y}}} \newcommand{\vecz}{\mathrm{\bf{z}}} \] \(V\)์™€ \(W\)๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ด๊ณ  \(f\)์™€ \(g\)๊ฐ€ \(V\)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ \(W\)๋กœ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ์ •์˜์—ญ \(V\)์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์  \(x\)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ \(f(x) = g(x)\)๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, \(V\) ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ \(f(x) = g(x)\)๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด์žฅ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ์ •์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ € ์›์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‘ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•จ์ˆซ๊ฐ’์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. …

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March 18, 2024 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์›์€ ์ž˜ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค

by YC Lee April 19, 2023
written by YC Lee

์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด, ๊ทธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ˜(cardinal number)๋กœ์„œ ์ž˜ ์ •์˜๋จ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ธ€์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์ž˜ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์„ ํ˜•๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต์žฌ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฌดํ•œ์ฐจ์›๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์ž˜ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ [1]์˜ ์ œ9์žฅ 2์ ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Invariance of Dimensionality ์ฒด \(\mathbb{F}\) ์œ„์˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„ \(V\)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, (์„ ํƒ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ) …

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April 19, 2023 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

๊ณ ์œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

by I Seul Bee June 16, 2021
written by I Seul Bee

\(A\)๊ฐ€ \(n\)์ฐจ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ์ฒด \(K\)์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ์ฆ‰ \(A\in M_n (K)\)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  \(A\)์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์„ \(p_A (t)\)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด \(\lambda \in K\)๊ฐ€ \(A\)์˜ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’์ผ ํ•„์š”์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์€ \(p_A(\lambda)=0\)์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ \(p_A (t)\)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ผด๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. \[p_A (t) = (t-\lambda )^r q(t).\] ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ \((t-\lambda)\)์˜ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜ \(r\)๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’ \(\lambda\)์˜ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์  ์ค‘๋ณต๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์œณ๊ฐ’ \(\lambda\)๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ž. \[\left\{ \mathbf{v}\in \mathbb{R}^n \,\vert\, A\mathbf{v} = …

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June 16, 2021 0 comments
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CalculusLinear Algebra

๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์›์˜ ์ถ•์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ

by I Seul Bee June 16, 2021
written by I Seul Bee

๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ€์›์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. \[2x^2 – 4xy + 5y^2 = 36\tag{1}\] ์„ ํ˜•๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ด์ฐจํ˜•์‹์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ขŒ๋ณ€์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์›์˜ ์žฅ์ถ•๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ถ•์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(method of Lagrange’s multiplier)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ํƒ€์›์˜ ์žฅ์ถ•๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ถ•์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ขŒํ‘œํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ์›์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํƒ€์› ์œ„์˜ ์  ์ค‘์—์„œ ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํƒ€์› …

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June 16, 2021 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

Exercises: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors (Selected Problems)

by I Seul Bee June 3, 2021
written by I Seul Bee

Problem 9.1 Describe geometrically the linear transformation \(T_A : \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^2\) given by \[A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}\] and then interpret the meanings of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors accordingly. Solution. \(T_A\) is a reflection about the line \(y=x.\) Hence \(v\) is an eigenvector of \(T_A\) if and only if \(v\) is parallel to or orthogonal to the …

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June 3, 2021 0 comments
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Classical GeometryLinear Algebra

ํ–‰๋ ฌ์‹๊ณผ ์ฒด์ 

by YC Lee June 2, 2021
written by YC Lee

์ด ๊ธ€์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ ˆํŒ๋œ Serge Lang์˜ ์„ ํ˜•๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๊ต์žฌ ์ œ2ํŒ([1], VII, ยง6)์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ผ. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ ฌ์‹์„ ํ•œ ๋„ํ˜•์˜ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € 2-์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ• ํ…๋ฐ, ‘์ฒด์ (volume)’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ 2-์ฐจ์› ๋„ํ˜•์˜ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปฌ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ‘\(\operatorname{Vol}\)’์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์› ๋„ํ˜•์˜ ์ฒด์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ๋„ ์“ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‘ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ \(v, …

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June 2, 2021 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„)

by I Seul Bee May 2, 2021
written by I Seul Bee

์ง€๋‚œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„ \(K^n,\) \(K^m\) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ ์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ \(m\times n\) ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค(์ง€๋‚œ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ณด๊ธฐ). ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ ํ•œ์ฐจ์› ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„ \(V,\) \(V’\) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ ์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž. \(K\)๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์ด๊ณ  \(n\)๊ณผ \(m\)์ด ์–‘์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  \(V\)์™€ \(V’\)์ด \(K\) ์œ„์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ \(n\)์ฐจ์› ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„, \(m\)์ฐจ์› ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๋˜ํ•œ \[\begin{align} B: &\,\, v_1 ,\, v_2 ,\, \cdots ,\, v_n, \\[6pt] B’ : & \,\, v_1 ‘ ,\, …

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May 2, 2021 0 comments
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Linear Algebra

์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (\(K^n\) ๊ณต๊ฐ„)

by I Seul Bee May 2, 2021
written by I Seul Bee

๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„ \(K^n,\) \(K^m\) ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ ์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ \(m\times n\) ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž. \(K\)๊ฐ€ ์ฒด(field)์ด๊ณ  \(n\)๊ณผ \(m\)์ด ์–‘์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด \(K\)์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” \(m\times n\) ํ–‰๋ ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์„\(\newcommand{\MatK}{\operatorname{Mat}_{m \times n}(K)}\) \[\MatK\] ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์˜์—ญ์ด \(K^n\)์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์—ญ์ด \(K^m\)์ธ ์„ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์„\(\newcommand{\HomK}{\operatorname{Hom}(K^n ,\, K^m )}\) \[\HomK\] ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. [์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ \(K^n\)๊ณผ \(K^m\)์€ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ๊ณฑ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.] ์Šค์นผ๋ผ \(k\in K\)์™€ \(m\times n\) ํ–‰๋ ฌ \(A = (a_{ij})_{m\times n}\), …

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